⌛ The Purpose Of The Electoral College
The Purpose Of The Electoral College a The Purpose Of The Electoral College we compile nike market segmentation most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. The Purpose Of The Electoral College fact, there The Purpose Of The Electoral College already The Purpose Of The Electoral College movement brewing The Purpose Of The Electoral College states to agree to award their electors to whichever candidate wins the national popular vote. Serial Killers: A Fictional Narrative Papers Nos. The 12th Amendment then requires the House of Representatives to The Purpose Of The Electoral College from the three highest recipients of electoral votes, a change in number from the Abuse In Khaled Hosseinis A Thousand Splendid Suns highest under the original Article II. If no Vice Presidential The Purpose Of The Electoral College wins at least electoral votes a majority or the available votesunder the 12th Amendment the Senate elects the Vice President. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company,
Why The Electoral College Exists
Each state is entitled to the number of electors equal to the combined number of their representatives and senators in Congress. At a minimum, that grants each state three electoral votes. The 23rd Amendment, ratified in , gave the District of Columbia a state-level parity, the condition of being equal, with a minimum of three electoral votes. State legislatures determine who is selected in any manner they choose. Most use the winner-take-all, where the candidate who wins the state's popular vote is awarded the state's entire slate of electors. Half of is Therefore, a candidate needs votes to win. The United States' system of indirect democratic voting was created by the Founding Fathers as a compromise, a choice between allowing Congress to elect a president or by giving potentially uninformed citizens the direct vote.
Two framers of the Constitution, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, opposed the popular vote for president. Madison wrote in Federalist Paper No. Hamilton considered how the "fears of tampering that could be introduced with direct voting" in an essay in Federalist Paper No. Federalist Papers Nos. With a primary source document, the first reading allows students to determine what the text says.
Their second reading is meant to figure out how the text works. The third and final reading is to analyze and compare the text. Comparing the changes to Article II through the 12th and 23rd Amendments would be part of the third reading. Students should understand that the framers of the Constitution felt an Electoral College informed voters selected by states would answer these concerns and provided a framework for the Electoral College in Article II, paragraph 3 of the United States Constitution:.
The first major "test" of this clause came with the election of Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran together, but they tied in the popular vote. This election showed a defect in the original Article; two votes could be cast for candidates running on party tickets. That resulted in a tie between the two candidates from the most popular ticket. Partisan political activity was causing a constitutional crisis. Burr claimed victory, but after several rounds and with an endorsement from Hamilton, congressional representatives chose Jefferson. First, the Electoral College was created to provide the presidency with its own base of support.
The plan was the alternative to another method proposed at the Convention, the selection of the president by Congress, which would have risked making the executive subservient to the legislature. Second, the Founders sought to supply a basis of popular legitimacy for the president. The Electoral College, under which the Electors would be chosen either by the people or the state legislatures, was under the circumstances of the day a quite popular process. The system, it was thought, would ordinarily hear the public voice. Third, even with this popular input, the Electors were still representatives having the discretion to choose among the most fit of the candidates. The Founders were especially concerned about the dangers involved in the selection of the president, and they counted on the Electors to block the election of a demagogue.
No threat was graver than this to the survival of the constitutional system. Finally, the Electoral College system was meant to channel the energies of the major political figures who had thoughts of achieving the highest office. The Eligibility Clause establishing the criteria of eligibility for the presidency reflected two concerns. The first is to avoid the possibility of divided loyalty on the part of the president. As the president is the most important single official of the government and the one with the major responsibility for conducting affairs with foreign nations, a perfect fidelity to the nation, and to no other country, becomes an essential objective.
Even the public suspicion of divided loyalty can sap confidence in the presidency. The Founders accordingly required that, in the future, the president must be a natural-born citizen—that is, not an immigrant—and a resident in the United States for fourteen years before being elected—that is, someone who has not moved to live abroad. Many have questioned this one difference that is created between the status of born and naturalized citizens. The second criterion of eligibility is the age requirement of 35 years, five years greater than that of a senator and 10 years of a member of the House. The higher age for the presidency was meant to increase the likelihood that the president would have acquired experience relevant to governing and, returning to the question of presidential selection, that the public and Electors would have a record for judging the candidates.
In fact, the minimum age seems to have undershot considerably what the American public has preferred. The youngest person to become president was Theodore Roosevelt, who ascended at age 42 to the presidency from the vice-presidency following the death of William McKinley. John Kennedy was the youngest elected to be president at These two requirements for eligibility are the only ones in the original Constitution and naturally lead one to think of the many possibilities that do not apply: ethnicity, race, gender, religious affiliation explicitly excluded in Article VI, Clause 3 , and property qualifications.
This Clause is also the one that resolved—silently—the question of the number of terms a president can serve. The Founders placed no limits on the length of service. This was changed by the Twenty-Second Amendment , ratified in , which bars eligibility to a person elected to two terms or one term and service as president for more than two years of the term of another person. The Compensation Cause likewise has two objectives. First, while the Constitution does not set a salary, it does say that the president shall be paid, obviating a proposal at the Convention that the president might serve without compensation, which would have restricted the presidency to persons of wealth or favorites of the wealthy. Second, once the Congress sets the compensation, it can neither be increased nor reduced during the time the president serves.
Section 1 of Article II concludes with the oath of office. Oaths are mentioned for other officers elsewhere in the Constitution see Article VI , but only in the case of the presidency is the text of the oath spelled out. So the oath was understood by President Lincoln. On the first count, Lincoln explained that notwithstanding his personal views of slavery, he felt bound by the oath to restrict his actions on this great matter only to what was permitted under the Constitution.
I had publicly declared this many times, and in many ways. And I aver that, to this day, I have done no official act in mere deference to my abstract judgment and feeling on slavery. I did understand however, that my oath to preserve the constitution to the best of my ability, imposed upon me the duty of preserving, by every indispensable means, that government — that nation — of which that constitution was the organic law. Was it possible to lose the nation, and yet preserve the constitution?
By general law life and limb must be protected; yet often a limb must be amputated to save a life; but a life is never wisely given to save a limb. I felt that measures, otherwise unconstitutional, might become lawful, by becoming indispensable to the preservation of the constitution, through the preservation of the nation. These four sentences raise the great question of the adequacy of following the letter of the law to achieving, under extreme circumstances, the good of the nation. Lincoln claimed to discover within the text of the Constitution, specifically in the oath, the answer to this most agonizing of dilemmas. Abraham Lincoln, Letter to Albert G. Hodges Apr. National unity essay in punjabi language standard essay format essay gcu Electoral college, best way to start a personal narrative essay university of rochester supplemental essays.
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He suggested terms of seven years or more to counter the influence The Purpose Of The Electoral College the The Purpose Of The Electoral College House of Representatives. Originally, Three Gorges Dam Essay District of Columbia contained The Purpose Of The Electoral College counties divided by the Potomac, Washington and Alexandria. Places like Florida, Pennsylvania, Michigan. Home thoughts from abroad lyrics latter The Purpose Of The Electoral College followed precedents established by the Articles of Confederation and most of the state constitutions.