🔥🔥🔥 Summary Of Animal Behavior
This removes the Summary Of Animal Behavior from the environment making it safe for other organisms to live there. Radical behaviorism was founded by Summary Of Animal Behavior. Saul McLeodupdated There Fight Club Literary Analysis Summary Of Animal Behavior approaches in contemporary psychology. Despite Summary Of Animal Behavior criticisms, behaviorism has made significant contributions to psychology. Give an example of a circadian rhythm. When Dr. Paul Farmers Partners In Health algae die they are decomposed by bacteria Summary Of Animal Behavior need oxygen Summary Of Animal Behavior the decomposition process.
Introduction to Animal Behavior
However, it has been criticized in the way that it over emphasizes the importance of sexuality and under emphasized the role of social relationships. The theory is not scientific, and can't be proved as it is circular. Nevertheless, psychoanalysis has been greatly contributory to psychology in that it has encouraged many modern theorists to modify it for the better, using its basic principles, but eliminating its major flaws. Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person know as holism. Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior, not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving. Humanistic psychologists believe that an individual's behavior is connected to his inner feelings and self-image.
The humanistic perspective centers on the view that each person is unique and individual, and has the free will to change at any time in his or her life. The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness and well-being as humans. We have the innate i. Because of this focus on the person and his or her personal experiences and subjective perception of the world the humanists regarded scientific methods as inappropriate for studying behavior.
Two of the most influential and enduring theories in humanistic psychology that emerged in the s and s are those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Psychology was institutionalized as a science in by Wilhelm Wundt , who found the first psychological laboratory. His initiative was soon followed by other European and American Universities. These early laboratories, through experiments, explored areas such as memory and sensory perception, both of which Wundt believed to be closely related to physiological processes in the brain. The whole movement had evolved from the early philosophers, such as Aristotle and Plato. Today this approach is known as cognitive psychology. Cognitive Psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then the way to do it is to figure out what processes are actually going on in their minds.
It views people as being similar to computers in the way we process information e. For example, both human brains and computers process information, store data and have input an output procedure. This had led cognitive psychologists to explain that memory comprises of three stages: encoding where information is received and attended to , storage where the information is retained and retrieval where the information is recalled. It is an extremely scientific approach and typically uses lab experiments to study human behavior. The cognitive approach has many applications including cognitive therapy and eyewitness testimony. Theorists in the biological perspective who study behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior.
Now that the human genome is mapped, perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit. Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on human behavior, for example, gender. The biological approach believes that most behavior is inherited and has an adaptive or evolutionary function. For example, in the weeks immediately after the birth of a child, levels of testosterone in fathers drop by more than 30 percent. This has an evolutionary function. Testosterone-deprived men are less likely to wander off in search of new mates to inseminate.
They are also less aggressive, which is useful when there is a baby around. Biological psychologists explain behaviors in neurological terms, i. Many biological psychologists have concentrated on abnormal behavior and have tried to explain it. For example, biological psychologists believe that schizophrenia is affected by levels of dopamine a neurotransmitter. Although many display behaviors are used to attract mates, some display behaviors have other purposes.
For example, display behaviors may be used to warn other animals to stay away, as you will read below. In most species of birds and mammals, one or both parents care for their offspring. Caring for the young may include making a nest or other shelter. It may also include feeding the young and protecting them from predators. Caring for offspring increases their chances of surviving.
Birds called killdeers have an interesting way to protect their chicks. When a predator gets too close to her nest, a mother killdeer pretends to have a broken wing. The mother walks away from the nest holding her wing as though it is injured. This is what the killdeer in Figure below is doing. The predator thinks she is injured and will be easy prey. The mother leads the predator away from the nest and then flies away. In most species of mammals, parents also teach their offspring important skills. For example, meerkat parents teach their pups how to eat scorpions without being stung.
A scorpion sting can be deadly, so this is a very important skill. Teaching the young important skills makes it more likely that they will survive. Some species of animals are territorial. This means that they defend their area. The area they defend usually contains their nest and enough food for themselves and their offspring. A species is more likely to be territorial if there is not very much food in their area.
Animals generally do not defend their territory by fighting. Instead, they are more likely to use display behavior. The behavior tells other animals to stay away. It gets the message across without the need for fighting. Display behavior is generally safer and uses less energy than fighting. Male gorillas use display behavior to defend their territory. They pound on their chests and thump the ground with their hands to warn other male gorillas to keep away from their area. The robin in Figure below is also using display behavior to defend his territory. He is displaying his red breast to warn other robins to stay away. The red breast of this male robin is easy to see.
The robin displays his bright red chest to defend his territory. It warns other robins to keep out of his area. Some animals deposit chemicals to mark the boundary of their territory. This is why dogs urinate on fire hydrants and other objects. Cats may also mark their territory by depositing chemicals. They have scent glands in their face. They deposit chemicals by rubbing their face against objects. Many animal behaviors change in a regular way.
They go through cycles. Some cycles of behavior repeat each year. Other cycles of behavior repeat every day. An example of a behavior with a yearly cycle is hibernation. An animal uses less energy than usual during hibernation. This helps the animal survive during a time of year when food is scarce. Hibernation may last for weeks or months. Animals that hibernate include species of bats, squirrels, and snakes. Most people think that bears hibernate. In fact, bears do not go into true hibernation. In the winter, they go into a deep sleep.
However, their body processes do not slow down very much. Their body temperature also remains about the same as usual. Bears can be awakened easily from their winter sleep. Another example of a behavior with a yearly cycle is migration. Migration is the movement of animals from one place to another. Migration is an innate behavior that is triggered by changes in the environment. For example, animals may migrate when the days get shorter in the fall. Migration is most common in birds, fish, and insects. In the Northern Hemisphere, many species of birds, including robins and geese, travel south for the winter. They migrate to areas where it is warmer and where there is more food. They return north in the spring.
A flock of migrating geese is shown in Figure below. Some animals migrate very long distances. About how many miles do the hawks travel from start to finish? Are you surprised that birds migrate that far? Some species of birds migrate even farther. Birds and other migrating animals follow the same routes each year. How do they know where to go? It depends on the species. Some animals follow landmarks, such as rivers or coastlines. Other animals are guided by the position of the sun, the usual direction of the wind, or other clues in the environment.
Many animal behaviors change at certain times of day, day after day. For example, most animals go to sleep when the sun sets and wake up when the sun rises. Animals that are active during the daytime are called diurnal. Some animals do the opposite. They sleep all day and are active during the night. These animals are called nocturnal. Animals may eat and drink at certain times of day, as well. Humans have daily cycles of behavior, too. Most people start to get sleepy after dark and have a hard time sleeping when it is light outside. Daily cycles of behavior are called circadian rhythms. In many species, including humans, circadian rhythms are controlled by a tiny structure called the biological clock.
This structure is located in a gland at the base of the brain. The biological clock sends signals to the body. The signals cause regular changes in behavior and body processes. The amount of light entering the eyes controls the biological clock. What is the advantage of animals using display behavior instead of fighting to defend their territory? Life Sciences in Maine. Search this site.
Home Chapters. Explain why animal behavior is important. Describe innate behavior and how it evolves. List ways that behavior can be learned. Check Your Understanding What is an animal? What are some examples of animals that behave very differently from each other? Vocabulary animal behavior conditioning habituation innate behavior insight learning instinct learned behavior observational learning reflex behaviors Examples of Animal Behavior Barking, purring, and playing are just some of the ways that dogs and cats behave.
This cat is stalking a mouse. It is a hunter by nature. This bird is using its beak to add more grass to its nest. What will the bird use its nest for? This lizard is perched on a rock in the sun. Lizards like to lie on rocks and. One of the few innate behaviors in human beings is the grasp reflex. It occurs only in babies. They are really playing. This play fighting can help them learn how to be better predators.
This chimpanzee is communicating with his face. His expression is called a. This peacock is using his tail feathers to communicate. What is he. What does this girl. The ants in this picture belong to the same colony. They have left the colony. This blue-footed booby is a species of sea bird. The male pictured here is doing a courtship. This mother killdeer is pretending she has a broken wing. She is trying to attract a predator.
These geese are flying south for the winter. Flocks of geese migrate in V-shaped formations. The migration route of Swainson. Behavior of Animals You have probably seen a spider web before. Lizards like to lie on rocks and Importance of Animal Behavior Why do animals behave the way they do? Innate Behavior All of the behaviors shown in the images above are ways that animals act naturally. How could this behavior increase the mother goose Innate Behavior in Human Beings All animals have innate behaviors, even human beings. Learned Behavior Just about all other human behaviors are learned.
The following methods of learning will be explored below: Habituation forming a habit. Observational learning. Insight learning. Habituation Habituation is learning to get used to something after being exposed to it for a while. Observational Learning Observational learning is learning by watching and copying the behavior of someone else. Conditioning Conditioning is a way of learning that involves a reward or punishment.
Learning by Playing Most young mammals, including humans, like to play. Insight Learning Insight learning is learning from past experiences and reasoning. Lesson Summary Animal behavior is any way that animals act. This behavior may be either alone or with other animals. Behaviors that increase fitness can evolve over time. This process occurs by natural selection. Innate behavior is behavior that occurs naturally. This behavior occurs in all members of a species. Learned behavior is behavior that is learned. It occurs only through experience or practice. Review Questions Recall 1. Give two examples of animal behavior. Define innate behavior.
State three ways that behavior can be learned. Apply Concepts 4. Identify one drawback of innate behavior. What is the difference between learned behavior and innate behavior? Why is play important for baby animals? Explain how you could use conditioning to teach a dog to sit. Critical Thinking 8. Explain how egg rolling by graylag geese is likely to have evolved. Describe how the grasp reflex might help a baby survive.
Scholastic, Paolo Casale and Gian Paolo Faescini. Animal Behavior: Instinct, Learning, Cooperation. Barrons Juveniles, Points to Consider Next, we discuss the types of animal behaviors. Did you ever watch a long line of ants marching away from their ant hill? What were they doing? How were they able to work together? What do you think explains group behaviors such as this? Describe social behavior in animals. Explain the purpose of mating behavior.
Describe how animals defend their territory. Identify animal behaviors that occur in cycles. Give examples of a wide variety of animals. List some behaviors that animals, such as spiders and rabbits, have in common. Vocabulary biological clock circadian rhythms communication cooperation courtship behaviors display behavior hibernation language mating migration social animals Communication What does the word "communication" make you think of? Communication with Sight Another way some animals communicate is with sight. His expression is called a This peacock is using his tail feathers to communicate.
What is he Communication with Scent Some animals communicate with scent. Human Communication Like other animals, humans communicate with one another. What does this girl Social Behavior Why is animal communication important? Highly Social Animals Some species of animals are very social. They have left the colony Honeybees and bumblebees also live in colonies. Cooperation Ants, bees, and other social animals must cooperate. Mating Behavior Some of the most important animal behaviors involve mating. Courtship Behaviors In many species, females choose the male they will mate with. The male pictured here is doing a courtship Courtship behaviors occur in many other species.
Caring for the Young In most species of birds and mammals, one or both parents care for their offspring. She is trying to attract a predator In most species of mammals, parents also teach their offspring important skills. Defending Territory Some species of animals are territorial. Cycles of Behavior Many animal behaviors change in a regular way. Yearly Cycles An example of a behavior with a yearly cycle is hibernation.
The migration route of Swainson Birds and other migrating animals follow the same routes each year. Daily Cycles Many animal behaviors change at certain times of day, day after day. Lesson Summary Communication is any way that animals share information. Social animals live together in groups. These animals need to cooperate with one another. Some of the most important animal behaviors involve attracting mates. Others involve caring for offspring. Some animals defend the area where they live from other animals. Many animal behaviors occur in cycles that repeat daily or yearly. List two ways that animals communicate. Describe how ants in a colony cooperate. What is courtship behavior? Why do male dogs urinate on fire hydrants and other objects?
Give an example of a circadian rhythm. How do ants use chemicals to communicate? What is migration, and why do animals migrate? Critical Thinking 9. Explain how courtship behaviors could evolve. How do adult animals increase their own fitness by teaching skills to their young? The Truth about Animal Communications. Tangerine Press, Betty Tatham. How Animals Communicate. Franklin Watts. Animal Exploitation comes in many different ways.
This article is about the research study performed on primate societies, their social interaction methods and how social relationships differ and evolve. Primates are known to set up social structures, some smaller than others, while others are temporary, and others are long-lasting. What observation can you make about the size of the cub now and when he was born? The cub was as small as guinea and now he is the size of a cocker spaniel. This question engages the students in mental processing and reasoning beyond a habitual response Marconi, Smith, Lombardi, Can you interpret the word den?
All the dinosaurs in the. Plenty of observations and studies have been done over the years on different primates and their behavior or cognition. We have studied their every move and we are always making calculations about their intellegence, or lack thier of and comparisons of how similar or different they are not only from each other but also how similar or different they are from us, the human race. One of these many studies that I have found to be very intriguing is whether or not certain primates have the capability to plan ahead for things. In capativity numerous studies have been produced to test chimpanzees on whether or not they can make plans for the future ori f they plan step by step. Some chimpanzees have even been observed in captivity, such as Santino,.
Charles Darwin has impacted the world of science by believing in theory of natural selection and evolution. Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, the date February 12, When Charles was twenty-two he began a five-year voyage. He studied specimens all over the world which drove him to develop his approach on evolution and natural selection. Charles Darwin announced his concept of evolution publically at a meeting of the Linnean Society. Historical context: The article, the goggles experiment: can chimpanzees use self-experience to infer what a competitor can see, is a study that investigates the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees and how their past experiences influence them in certain situations.
Animal Behaviour is an online journal that first published in when interest in animals and their behavior arose. Animal Behavior is a leading internationally for publication in the areas of research articles, original papers, and critical reviews and publishes new editions monthly. This article was published in July of and the intended audience is human behavior researchers, animal behavior researchers, and psychologists.
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