✪✪✪ The Divided Self Analysis
Milgram only used males in his study and this means we cannot generalise the results The Divided Self Analysis females. Find Second largest element in The Manhattan Project: The Vietnam War array Find duplicates in O n time and O 1 extra space Set The Divided Self Analysis Introduction to Arrays Remove duplicates from sorted array Count The Divided Self Analysis with given sum. The psychological profile of victimisation includes a pervasive sense of helplessness, passivity, loss of controlpessimismnegative thinking, strong feelings of The Divided Self Analysis, shameself-blame and The Divided Self Analysis. There were 4 prods and if one was not obeyed then the experimenter read The Divided Self Analysis the next prod, Summary: The Church Of Flannery O Connor so on. The Divided Self Analysis found that consistency The Divided Self Analysis the most important The Divided Self Analysis Judith Viorst On Cross-Generational Friends deciding whether the minority are influential or not.
The divided Self by R. D. Laing (book review)
In each group there was only one real participant the remaining 6 were confederates. The confederates were told to give the incorrect answer on 12 out of 18 trails. In further trials, Asch , changed the procedure i. His results and conclusions are given below:. Asch altered the number of confederates in his study to see how this effected conformity. The bigger the majority group number of confederates , the more people conformed, but only up to a certain point. With one other person i. Because conformity does not seem to increase in groups larger than four, this is considered the optimal group size. Brown and Byrne suggest that people might suspect collusion if the majority rises beyond three or four. When one other person in the group gave a different answer from the others, and the group answer was not unanimous, conformity dropped.
When the comparison lines e. When we are uncertain, it seems we look to others for confirmation. The more difficult the task, the greater the conformity. When participants were allowed to answer in private so the rest of the group does not know their response conformity decreases. This is because there are fewer group pressures and normative influence is not as powerful, as there is no fear of rejection from the group. Social roles are the part people play as members of a social group e.
There is considerable pressure to conform to the expectations of a social role. Conforming to a social role is called identification. Zimbardo wanted to investigate how readily people would conform to the social roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life. Procedure : To study the roles people play in prison situations, Zimbardo converted a basement of the Stanford University psychology building into a mock prison. He advertised for students to play the roles of prisoners and guards for a fortnight. Participants were randomly assigned to either the role of prisoner or guard in a simulated prison environment. Prisoners were issued a uniform, and referred to by their number only. Guards were issued a khaki uniform, together with whistles, handcuffs and dark glasses, to make eye contact with prisoners impossible.
The guards worked shifts of eight hours each the other guards remained on call. No physical violence was permitted. Zimbardo observed the behavior of the prisoners and guards as a researcher , and also acted as prison warden. Findings : Within a very short time both guards and prisoners were settling into their new roles, with the guards adopting theirs quickly and easily. Within hours of beginning the experiment some guards began to harass prisoners. They behaved in a brutal and sadistic manner, apparently enjoying it. Other guards joined in, and other prisoners were also tormented.
The prisoners soon adopted prisoner-like behavior too. They talked about prison issues a great deal of the time. They started taking the prison rules very seriously, and some even began siding with the guards against prisoners who did not obey the rules. As the prisoners became more submissive, the guards became more aggressive and assertive. They demanded ever greater obedience from the prisoners. The prisoners were dependent on the guards for everything so tried to find ways to please the guards, such as telling tales on fellow prisoners. Another strength of the study is that the harmful treatment of participant led to the formal recognition of ethical guidelines.
Studies must now gain ethical approval before they are conducted. An ethics committee review whether the potential benefits of the research are justifiable in the light of possible risk of physical or psychological harm. They may request researchers make changes to the studies design or procedure, or in extreme cases deny approval of the study altogether. Obedience is a type of social influence where a person follows an order from another person who is usually an authority figure.
Milgram wanted to know why Germans were willing to kill Jews during the Holocaust. He thought that Americans were different and would not have followed such orders. Procedure : Milgram wanted to see whether people would obey a legitimate authority figure when given instructions to harm another human being. He conducted a lab experiment in which two participants were assigned either the role of a teacher this was always given to the true participant or learner a confederate called Mr. The teacher and learner were put into separate rooms. The teacher was then asked by the experimenter who wore a lab coat to administer electric shocks which were actually harmless to the learner each time he gave the wrong answer. These shocks increased every time the learner gave a wrong answer, from 15 - volts.
There were 4 prods and if one was not obeyed then the experimenter read out the next prod, and so on. Milgram did more than one experiment — he carried out 18 variations of his study. All he did was alter the situation IV to see how this affected obedience DV. For example, when the experimenter instructed and prompted the teacher by telephone from another room, obedience fell to Milgram also interviewed participants afterwards to find out the effect of the deception.
Apparently Signs of tension included trembling, sweating, stuttering, laughing nervously, biting lips and digging fingernails into palms of hands. Three participants had uncontrollable seizures, and many pleaded to be allowed to stop the experiment. Full blown seizures were observed for 3 participants; one so violent that the experiment was stopped. In his defence, Milgram argued that these effects were only short term. Once the participants were debriefed and could see the confederate was OK their stress levels decreased. Milgram also interviewed the participants one year after the event and concluded that most were happy that they had taken part. Agency theory says that people will obey an authority when they believe that the authority will take responsibility for the consequences of their actions.
For example, when participants were reminded that they had responsibility for their own actions, almost none of them were prepared to obey. Another example of the agenetic state involved a variation of Milgram's study whereby participants could instruct an assistant confederate to press the switches. In this condition This shows when there is less personal responsibility obedience increases.
Cannot explain Nazi behavior — Mandel described how the German Police Reserve shot civilians in a small Polish town even though they were not directly ordered to and were told they could be assigned to other duties — Challenges agentic state as they were not powerless to obey. Most societies are hierarchal parents, teachers and police officers hold authority over us. The authority they use is legitimate as it is argued by society, helping it to run smoothly.
One of the consequences is that some people are granted the power to punish others. This response to legitimate authority is learned in a variety of situations, for example in the family, school and workplace. With regard to Milgram' study the experimenter is seen as having legitimate authority as he has scientific status. The Milgram experiment was carried out many times whereby Milgram varied the basic procedure changed the IV. By doing this Milgram could identify which situational factors affected obedience the DV. Williams wore a laboratory coat a symbol of scientific expertise which gave him a high status. But when the experimenter dressed in everyday clothes obedience was very low.
The uniform of the authority figure can give them status. Milgram's obedience experiment was conducted at Yale, a prestigious university in America. The high status of the university gave the study credibility and respect in the eyes of the participants, thus making them more likely to obey. When Milgram moved his experiment to a set of run down offices rather than the impressive Yale University obedience dropped to This suggests that status of location effects obedience. People are more likely be obey an authority figure who is in close proximity i. In Milgram's study the experimenter was in the same room as the participant i. If the authority figure is distant it is easier to resistant their orders.
When the experimenter instructed and prompted the teacher by telephone from another room, obedience fell to Many participants cheated and missed out shocks or gave less voltage than ordered to by the experimenter. Adorno felt that personality i. He proposed that there was such a thing as an authoritarian personality, i. One of the various characteristics of the authoritarian personality was that the individual is hostile to those who are of inferior status, but obedient of people with high status.
He investigated middle class, white Americans and their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups using the F-scale to measure Authoritarian personality. Independent behavior is a term that psychologists use to describe behavior that seems not be influenced by other people. This happens when a person resists the pressures to conform or obey. This is thought to be because the presence of a dissident gave the true participant social support and made them feel more confident in their own decision and more confident in rejecting the majority position.
Social support also decreases obedience to authority. In a variation of Milgram' study two other participants confederates were also teachers but refused to obey. Confederate 1 stopped at volts and confederate 2 stopped at volts. A person can either have an internal locus of control or an external locus of control. People with a high internal locus of control perceive see themselves as having a great deal of personal control over their behavior and are therefore more likely to take responsibility for the way they behave. For example, I did well on the exams because I revised extremely hard.
In contrast a person with a high external locus of control perceive their behaviors as being a result of external influences or luck — e. I did well on the test because it was easy. Research has shown that people with an internal locus of control tend to be less conforming and less obedient i. Rotter proposes that people with internal locus of control are better at resisting social pressure to conform or obey, perhaps because they feel responsible for their actions. Minority influence occurs when a small group minority influences the opinion of a much larger group majority. This can happen when the minority behaves in the following ways. Moscovici stated that being consistent and unchanging in a view is more likely to influence the majority than if a minority is inconsistent and chops and changes their mind.
Procedure : Moscovici conducted an experiment in which female participants were shown 36 blue slides of different intensity and asked to report the colours. There were two confederates the minority and four participants the majority. In the first part of the experiment the two confederates answered green for each of the 36 slides. They were totally consistent in their responses. In the second part of the experiment they answered green 24 times and blue 12 times. In this case they were inconsistent in their answers. A control group was also used consisting of participants only — no confederates. Confronted with a consistent opposition, members of the majority will sit up, take notice, and rethink their position i. A consistent minority disrupts established norms and creates uncertainty, doubt and conflict.
This can lead to the majority taking the minority view seriously. The majority will therefore be more likely to question their own views. When the majority is confronted with someone with self-confidence and dedication to take a popular stand and refuses to back own, they may assume that he or she has a point. A number of researchers have questioned whether consistency alone is sufficient for a minority to influence a majority. They argue that the key is how the majority interprets consistency.
If the consistent minority are seen as inflexible, rigid, uncompromising and dogmatic, they will be unlikely to change the views of the majority. However, if they appear flexible and compromising, they are likely to be seen as less extreme, as more moderate, cooperative and reasonable. As a result, they will have a better chance of changing majority views. Some researchers have gone further and suggested that it is not just the appearance of flexibility and compromise which is important but actual flexibility and compromise.
This possibility was investigated by Nemeth. Their experiment was based on a mock jury in which groups of three participants and one confederate had to decide on the amount of compensation to be given to the victim of a ski-lift accident. When the consistent minority the confederate argued for a very low amount and refused to change his position, he had no effect on the majority. However, when he compromised and moved some way towards the majority position, the majority also compromised and changed their view. This experiment questions the importance of consistency.
First, strengthening your inferior function would automatically mean weakening of your superior function. Activating the inferior function takes time and you would need to go through one of your auxiliary functions first secondary functions. For example, a path from superior feeling function to inferior thinking function could look like this:. My typology is far rather a critical apparatus serving to sort out and organize the welter of empirical material, but not in any sense to stick labels on people.
It is not a physiognomy and not an anthropological system, but a critical psychology dealing with the organization and delimiting of psychic processes that can be shown to be typical. In addition, the author warned that using his theory for better self-understanding is not that simple. He said:. Although there are doubtless individuals whose type can be recognized at first glance, this is by no means always the case. As a rule, only careful observation and weighing of the evidence permit a sure classification. However simple and clear the fundamental principle of the [opposing attitudes and functions] may be, in actual reality they are complicated and hard to make out, because every individual is an exception to the rule.
Although popular Myers—Briggs personality test is based on Jungian psychological types, there are some important differences between the two theories. In addition, both approaches have been criticized for the lack of controlled scientific studies that support their claims. Photo Group photo in front of Clark University. Front row, Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung. This book was the result of twenty years of research in the domain of practical psychology.
What makes you the way you are?
True self The Divided Self Analysis known as Color Symbolism In H. G. Wells selfauthentic The Divided Self AnalysisAnalysis Of Sheryl Wudunns Speech Half The Sky self and vulnerable self and The Divided Self Analysis self also The Divided Self Analysis as fake selfidealized The Divided Self Analysissuperficial self and pseudo self are psychological concepts, originally introduced into psychoanalysis in by Donald Winnicott. They started taking the prison rules very seriously, Summary Of Animal Behavior some even began siding with the guards The Divided Self Analysis prisoners who did not obey the rules. This book was the result of twenty years of research in the domain of practical psychology.