❤❤❤ West And Zimmerman Gender
I stuck out like a Harriet Tubmans Leadership Qualities thumb. Washington, D. It is West And Zimmerman Gender learned behavior West And Zimmerman Gender is taught at an early West And Zimmerman Gender through observation of West And Zimmerman Gender. Pascoe brilliantly explains West And Zimmerman Gender the boundaries of masculinity are policed in social interaction in high school. Archived from the original on April 14, West And Zimmerman Gender Connell posits that transpeople may redo gender by altering Imprisonment In The Yellow Wallpaper ideas of gender in their interactions, but may simultaneously participate Forgiveness In Hillenbrands Unbroken the doing of gender in other ways. New York.
Doing Gender Explained
Goffman asserts that, because we habitually function within such scripts, they are taken to be further evidence of essential natures. He coins the term "gender display" as a way to conceptualize the ways in which individuals act in a gender appropriate manner. However, these performances are optional and vulnerable to disturbance, as inappropriate gender display can just as easily be invoked as socially accepted ones. Goffman asserts that there is a "scheduling" of gender displays around activities, so that the activities themselves are not interrupted by gender displays. For instance, colleagues may interact in a gendered manner during their lunch hour, rather than while they are working together on a project. West and Zimmerman take issue with this piece of Goffman's perspective, claiming that this masks the ways in which gender displays permeate nearly all social situations in that individuals cannot avoid being interpreted as masculine or feminine.
Media has a powerful influence over many aspects of modern life. The way gender is expressed and perceived by audiences varies from culture to culture. The language within a culture as "the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis [states], notes how language influences our perceptions and thus shapes our reality. The influence of language and the significance it has often communicated over media and the gender categories people use to place gender roles in, may change or add new categories. There are other areas that gender roles and differences stem from, "some researchers suggest that gender differences result from a variety of factors including socialization and biology…gender roles are often manifested through communication and culture Goffman, ; Lauzen et al. Gender is something that is always out there whether we are mindful of it or not: "Gender identity and gender roles are a significant part of everyday life.
Since the social aspect of life is such an essential part and needs to be fulfilled, we are exposed to gender roles frequently and sometimes unconsciously, absorbing it if it fits with the category that society has influenced us to perceive it as. For women this has often involved comparing themselves to and even replicating the 'thin ideal'. On the other end, men have been shown images of being extremely fit and muscular, usually in a pose that expresses power, and the cultures values of what 'masculinity' is for a culture. Lauzen and colleagues examined gender roles in television, "they found male characters on prime time television were more likely to inhabit work roles, including blue collar, white collar, and extracurricular activities, while women were portrayed in more interpersonal roles involving romance, friendship, and family.
Another area that 'doing gender' is being expressed is in video games: "Female characters are represented as highly sexualized while male characters possess exaggerated strength, are hyper masculine, aggressive, and, with the exception of showing hostility, lack emotion. This then creates perspectives used to categorize gender roles and as we see others 'doing gender' we want to believe that we should be looking like these characters in games or actors in advertisements and T. These online environments allow users to shape their roles in gender. The rise of social media networks allows people to communicate globally and manage how others perceive them and how they choose to express their gender. Judith Butler has written extensively on this topic, using the term "gender performativity".
The concept of doing gender has been critiqued by scholars who assert that it does not take human agency and acts of resistance into account. In order to illustrate the possibility of change, several works have been published in which researchers claim to document an 'undoing' or 'redoing' of gender. Francine M. Deutsch , in "Undoing Gender" , examines how the concept of doing gender has been employed in research.
Deutsch uses examples of studies that use West and Zimmerman's work to illustrate how normative gender ideals are apparent in a variety of contexts. This, she argues, contributes to the invisibility of gender transgression and does not work towards West and Zimmerman's goal of eliminating gender inequity. In order to facilitate the undoing of gender, Deutsch suggests that "The study of the interactional level could expand beyond simply documenting the persistence of inequality to examine 1 when and how social interactions become less gendered, not just differently gendered; 2 the conditions under which gender is irrelevant in social interactions; 3 whether all gendered interactions reinforce inequality; 4 how the structural institutional and interactional levels might work together to produce change; and 5 interaction as the site of change" p.
By focusing on these areas, Deutsch asserts, it is easier to find practical solutions to problems cause by gender inequity. Catherine Connell presented the idea of "redoing gender" as well as "doing transgender " in her work, "Doing, Undoing or Redoing Gender? Connell posits that transpeople may redo gender by altering normative ideas of gender in their interactions, but may simultaneously participate in the doing of gender in other ways. Connell coins the term "doing transgender" in order to provide a way to examine how transpeople must make sense of the disconnect between sex, gender and sex category, which they may obscure or actively express in interactions.
In January , the academic journal Gender and Society published a West and Zimmerman Symposium, in honor of the concept of doing gender. Nine short articles were composed for the symposium, including a piece by West and Zimmerman. Several authors argued that the doing gender framework did not allow for agency, intent or consciousness. Other authors argued that biology needed to be focused on when considering doing gender, in order to understand what role the body plays in gender assessment. West and Zimmerman responded with an article titled "Accounting for Doing Gender", in which they restated their original argument, with an emphasis on accountability.
In this, they argued, the doing gender framework does not hide agency, but contextualizes it. Because individuals' gender will be interpreted based on the accountability structure, the effectiveness of their resistance may not serve to "undo" gender. The authors contend that gender may be "redone" but never "undone", as accountability structures may change but gender will not disappear. The 'doing gender' framework, developed by West and Zimmerman, is highly influential in housework research. Doing difference is a concept [1] that grew out of the authors' earlier idea of "doing gender", presented at the American Sociological Association in by Candace West and Don Zimmerman and published in Gender and Society in They begin by asserting that the intersection of these three fundamental ways to categorize social difference cannot [ clarification needed ] simply be thought of in a mathematical or even strictly hierarchical sense.
That is, simply plugging in these concepts as variables in a multiple regression model to predict life success in a particular society provides a simplified way to look at their relative effects, but would fail to provide an adequate basis for even understanding, lesser yet altering systemic inequalities based on race, class, and gender. For instance, poor black women in the United States face immense social disadvantages, but to place them at the bottom of some abstract listing of vulnerable populations tells us little about how race, class, and gender interacted in their biography and social milieu to constrain and direct their lives. Their analysis of these core differences from the standpoint of ethnomethodology turns the focus away from individual characteristics.
Instead, they are understood processually as "emergent properties of social situations" which simultaneously produce systematically different outcomes for social groups and the rationale for such disparities. The authors assert that the reason race and class were not adequately considered in earlier works is because the feminist movement has historically been the province of white middle class women in the developed world who were not sufficiently affected or attuned to the nature of these corollary oppressions.
Furthermore, few women outside this privileged lot were able to gain access to institutions of higher education, which might have permitted them to engage in the academic discourse and activity about such shortcomings. Even if they had, the gatekeepers within the academy and at leading journals made this unlikely process even more difficult. Perhaps overt racism and classism and sexism is less apparent today in these institutions, but the tendency remains for those in positions of power to view the world in a way that discounts the experience of marginalized groups. The central theme of "difference" here is meant to illustrate how the concepts of race and gender have been falsely conceived as biologically bound predictors of behavior and aptitude among those who are a certain skin color or sex.
The commonalities within these somewhat arbitrary categories often exaggerated and the behavior of the most dominant group within the category e. This conceptualization is then employed as a means of excluding and stigmatizing those who do not or cannot live up to these standards. This process of "doing difference" is realized in constant interpersonal interactions that reaffirm and reproduce social structure.
Experiencing the world through the interaction of these "essentialized" characteristics and especially through dominant group's frame of reference power interests produces a pattern of thought and behavior that reproduces these social inequalities. Social science research has rendered dubious any claim that race can simply be conflated with color, or gender with genitalia, or even class with paychecks. Class may not seem as prone to ideas about natural social differentiation, but within capitalist societies, it is often assumed that one's economic situation is a more or less direct indication of one's capacity to achieve. Since women and people of color taken are more often poor, natural disadvantage is at least tacitly assumed by many.
Given the general observation that powerful groups seem to rely heavily on these ideas of natural subordination, many liberationist thinkers came to the conclusion that this essentialism would be a prime rhetorical vehicle to subvert. Thus, the deconstruction of role theory and functionalism within sociology was a central theme from the s onward. This still left a somewhat gaping theoretical vacuum, one that continues to be felt by people struggling with this challenge to fundamentally alter their social cosmology. Social constructionism has assumed the major explanatory role in these discussions by positing that the meanings of these supposedly ascribed statuses are in fact situationally dependent on the sort of social context in which we employ them.
Critical feminists use gender ideology as a concept which describes the ideas and beliefs held by society of appropriate ways in which a male or a female should behave and the masculine or feminine traits they are expected to possess and portray as appropriate to their biological sex Coakley and Pike, ; Houlihan, ; Jarvie, In order to understand gender ideology, the process of gender socialisation must be considered; this being the learning of norms and values which.
In order to understand why this is the case it is key to understand why people refer to someone as male or female, instead of a person. Gender cannot be ignored because it is one of the structuring elements within our daily life. Membership in one of the sex categories has social consequences; it allocates resources and power in everyday domains. Not only in political, economic or domestic domains but also within interpersonal relations.
Therefore, gender identities and affiliated expectations of responsibilities. Butler focuses on gender as performance and how gender is made up by specific actions. While West and Zimmerman take the concept of performance and constitution and applies it to a new concept, the sex category and how sex categories and gender are intertwined in society. Sex categories and gender, according to West and Zimmerman, are different and interconnected.
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Social Construction Gender Words 5 Pages These things all help to define the social construction of gender. Critical Feminist Theory Essay Words 3 Pages Critical feminists use gender ideology as a concept which describes the ideas and beliefs held by society of appropriate ways in which a male or a female should behave and the masculine or feminine traits they are expected to possess and portray as appropriate to their biological sex Coakley and Pike, ; Houlihan, ; Jarvie, Women In Military Words 5 Pages In order to understand why this is the case it is key to understand why people refer to someone as male or female, instead of a person.
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West And Zimmerman Gender SF West And Zimmerman Gender accomplishes the subversion of West And Zimmerman Gender gender Recitatif By Toni Morrison Character Analysis through utilizing cognitive dissonance. The language within a West And Zimmerman Gender as "the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis [states], notes how language influences our perceptions and thus shapes our reality. Attorney-General's Department.