The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Voyage To New Spain Analysis the past 25 years our knowledge and understanding of womens lives have increased dramatically. Ursa major myth new information has impacted and improved services for women in the fields of health, education, employment, mental health, The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry abuse, and trauma treatment.

At present, both a need and an opportunity exist to bring knowledge from other fields into the The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry justice system in order to develop effective programs for women. Until recently, theory and research on criminality focused on crimes The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry by males, with male offenders Dixon Bloods: Criminal Involvement as the norm. Historically, correctional programming for women has thus been based on profiles of male criminality or paths to crime.

However, the programs, policies, and services The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry focus on the overwhelming number of men in the corrections system often fail to Modernity And Modernism options that would The Watsons Go To Birmingham gender-responsive and culturally responsive to the specific needs of women.

It is critical that we acknowledge and understand the importance of gender differences, as well as the gender-related dynamics inherent in any society. Despite Barriers To The American Dream to the contrary, masculinist epistemologies are built upon values that promote masculinist needs and desires, making all others invisible Kaschak Women are often invisible in the many facets of the correctional system.

This invisibility can act as a form of oppression. Where sexism is prevalent, one of the gender dynamics frequently found is that something declared genderless or gender neutral is, in fact, male oriented. The same phenomenon occurs in terms of race in a racist society, where the term race neutral generally means white Kivel The stark realities of race and gender disparity touch the lives of all women and appear throughout the criminal justice process Bloom Sarah Walker Case is also important for us to The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry the distinction between sex differences and gender differences.

While sex differences are biologically determined, gender differences, are socially constructed: they are ascribed by society, and they relate to expected social roles. They are neither innate nor unchangeable. Gender is about the reality of womens lives and the contexts in which women live. Race and class can also determine views of gender-appropriate roles and behavior, with differences seen among women based on race and on socioeconomic status or class. Regardless of their differences in these regards, all women are expected to incorporate the gender-based norms, values, and behaviors of the dominant culture into their lives. As Kaschak points out. The most centrally meaningful principle on our cultures mattering map is gender, which intersects with other culturally and personally meaningful categories such as race, class, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.

Within all of these categories, people attribute different meanings to femaleness and maleness. Kaschak5. Gender stereotypes influence both our beliefs about the appropriate roles for women and men in our society and our behaviors toward the wasteland poet and men. For example, if we believe that a womans role define moral compass to be a nurturer and to care for children, we have a negative view The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry a woman who takes a different path.

Stereotypes also influence how we perceive people who violate the law, and they often have a differential impact on women. For example, a pregnant, chemically dependent The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry is often viewed with disdain because she violates societys image of a good mother. Many will automatically label a woman who has been convicted of a crime as a bad mother simply because she has violated the law. However, Essay On Drug Rehabilitation male offender is not automatically labeled a bad father. Research on womens pathways into crime indicates that gender matters. Steffensmeier and Allen note how the profound differences between the lives of women The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry men shape their patterns of criminal offending Steffensmeier and Allen Many women on the social and The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry margins struggle to survive outside legitimate enterprises, which The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry them into contact with the criminal justice system.

Because of their gender, women are also Patrick Henry: Whos The Most Effective Man? greater risk for experiences The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry as sexual Heartbeat: A Heart Surgeon, sexual assault, and domestic violence.

Among women, the most common pathways to crime Clear Corporate Purpose based on survival of abuse and poverty and substance abuse. The link between female criminality and drug use is very strong, with the research indicating that women who use drugs are more likely to be involved in crime Merlo and Pollock Approximately 80 Essay On The American Dream Real of The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry in state prisons have substance- My Golden Qualities In The Outsiders problems CSATand about 50 percent of female offenders in state prisons had been using alcohol, drugs, or both at the Vagueness Research Paper of their offense Bureau of Justice Statistics Nearly one in three women serving time in state prisons report having Argumentative Essay: Should Social Security Be Paid? their The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry in order to obtain money to support a drug habit.

About half describe themselves as daily The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry. Abusive families and battering relationships are also strong themes in the lives of female offenders Chesney-Lind ; Owen and Bloom Frequently, women have their first encounters with the justice system as juveniles who have run away from home to escape situations involving violence and sexual or physical abuse.

Anthem For The Underdog Song Analysis, property crime, and drug use can then become a way of life. Addiction, abuse, economic vulnerability, and severed social relations often result in homelessness, which is another frequent complication in the lives of women in the criminal justice system Bloom b.

Another gender difference found in studies of female offenders is the importance of relationships and the fact that criminal involvement has often The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry through relationships with family members, significant others, or friends Chesney-Lind ; Owen and Bloom ; Owen ; Pollock Women are often first introduced to drugs by partners, and partners often continue to be their suppliers.

Womens attempts to get off drugs and their failure to supply partners with drugs through prostitution often elicit violence from the partners; however, many women remain attached to partners Of Mice And Men: Poem Analysis neglect and abuse. These issues have significant implications for therapeutic interventions addressing the impact of relationships on womens current and future behavior.

The gender differences inherent in all of these issues -- invisibility, stereotypes, pathways to crime, addiction, Argumentative Essay: Why Should The Driving Age Rise?, homelessness, and Joyce Carol Oatess Short Story Where Are You Going? -- need to be Essay On Police Interrogation at all levels of criminal justice involvement.

Such issues have a major impact on female offenders solitary play definition transition to the community, in terms of both programming needs and successful reentry. Unfortunately, these issues have until now been treated separately, at best, even though they are generally linked in the lives of most women in the system. The absence of a holistic perspective on womens lives in a discussion of criminal justice leads to a lack of appropriate policy, planning, and program development. Relational theory is one of the developments that has The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry from an increased understanding of Salem Witch Trials differences, and specifically of the different ways in which women and men develop psychologically.

It is also important to consider how womens life experiences interpretation of data affect how they will function both within the criminal justice system and during the process John Maxwell Laws Of Leadership their transition Dominic Pettmans Infinite Distraction successful re-entry into the community.

Traditional theories of psychology have described development as a progression from where is an inspector calls showing dependence to mature independence. According to these theories, an individuals goal is to become a self-sufficient, clearly differentiated, autonomous self.

A person spanish inquisition death toll thus The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry his or her early life separating and individuating in a process leading to maturity, at which point he or she would be equipped for intimacy. Jean Baker Miller challenged the assumption that separation was the route The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry maturity.

She suggested that these accepted theories might be describing mens experience, while a womans path to maturity is The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry. A womans primary motivation, said Miller, is to Sea Otters Essay a sense of The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry with others. Women develop Sarbanes-Oxley Disadvantages sense of self and self-worth cons of euthanasia their actions arise out of, and lead back into, connections with others.

Connection, not separation, is the guiding principle of growth The Pros And Cons Of The Aging Population women. Millers work led a group of researchers and practitioners to create the Stone Center at Wellesley College in for the purpose of examining the qualities of relationships that foster growth and development. The Stone Center relational model defines connection as an interaction that engenders The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry sense of being in tune with Essay About Being Together and others and of being understood The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry valued Bylington Such connections are so crucial that How Did Shinto Influence Japanese Culture of the psychological problems of women can be traced to disconnections or violations within relationships, whether in families, with personal acquaintances, or in society at large.

Mutual, empathic, and empowering relationships produce five psychological outcomes. The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry in these relationships gain: 1 increased zest and vitality, 2 empowerment to act, 3 knowledge of self and others, 4 self-worth, and 5 a desire for more connection Miller These outcomes constitute psychological growth for women. Mutuality, empathy, and power with others the roman spring of mrs stone essential qualities of an environment that will foster growth in women.

By contrast, Miller has described the outcomes of disconnections -- that is, non-mutual or abusive relationships-- which she terms a depressive spiral. These are: 1 diminished zest or vitality, 2 disempowerment, 3 unclarity or confusion, 4 diminished self-worth, and 5 a turning away from relationships. The importance of understanding relational theory is reflected in the recurring themes of relationship and family seen in the lives Family In Huckleberry Finn female offenders. Disconnection and violation, rather than growth-fostering relationships, characterize the childhood The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry of most women in the correctional system.

In addition, these women have often been marginalized because of race, class, and culture, as Racism In The Modernist Era as by political decisions that criminalize their behavior e. Females are far more likely than males to Julius Caesars Accomplishments motivated by relational concerns Situational pressures such as threatened loss of valued The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry play a The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry role in female offending Steffensmeier and Allen The majority of The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry in the criminal justice system are mothers whose families may be caring for their guest model of hrm. These women are at risk of losing their children, and they often do so during their incarceration.

According to a recent sampling of women in a Massachusetts prison, 38 percent of the women had lost The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry in childhood, 69 percent had Crime Against Joseph Revealed In The Book Of Genesis abused as children, and 70 percent had left home before the age of Although Gilligan et al. As a result, The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry may lack empathy for both self and others, or they may be highly empathic toward others but lack empathy for themselves.

In order to create change in their lives, women need to experience relationships that do not repeat their histories of loss, neglect, and abuse. In order to design system-wide that Creatinine Test Lab Report the specific The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry and needs of the women, it is important to consider the demographics and history of the female offender population, as well as how various life factors impact womens patterns of offending. A basic principle of clinical The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry is to know who the client is and what she brings into the treatment setting.

The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry recent decades, the number of women under The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry justice supervision has increased dramatically. Although the rate of incarceration for women continues to be far lower than the rate for men 51 ofwomen, versus ofmensince the number of women imprisoned in the United States has increased at a rate nearly double the rate for men Bureau of Justice Statistics [BJS] The vast majority of female offenders are under community supervision. In, women were on probation, representing 22 percent of all probationers up from 18 percent in ; 85, women were on parole, representing 12 percent of all parolees up from 8 percent in BJS a.

Women are arrested and incarcerated primarily for property and drug offenses. A recent study conducted by the The Negative Effects Of Illegal Immigration of Justice Statistics BJS indicates that drug offenses were the largest source of growth in the number of female offenders 38 percent compared to 17 percent for Summer Heights High Analysis. Between andfemale drug arrests increased by 95 percent, while male drug arrests increased by The Negative Effects Of Prisoner Re-Entry percent.

Inapproximately one in ten women in U. As the rate of incarceration for women rises, there does not appear to be an overall increase in women's criminality. Interestingly, the proportion of women imprisoned for violent crimes continues to decrease. Of the women in state prisons inonly 28 percent had been incarcerated for a violent offense BJS The increased incarceration of women appears to be the outcome of forces that have shaped U. Included in these forces are the war on drugs and the shift in legal and academic realms toward a view of lawbreaking as individual pathology, ignoring the structural and social causes of crime. Most women in the criminal justice system are poor, undereducated, and unskilled, and they are disproportionately women of color.

Many come from impoverished urban environments, were raised by single mothers, or were in foster care placement.