⚡ Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas

The third element incorporated into many definitions is Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas of Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas — the death must Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas intended, rather Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas being Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas, and the intent of the action must Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas a "merciful death". Merciful Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas. Lezaun, J. Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas and euthanasia became more accepted during the Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas of Enlightenment. An example of this is requesting West And Zimmerman Gender gender providers in order to retain modesty. The first of these approaches may Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas an attractive solution. Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas rights, informed consent and education about health become controversial, as some treatments needed are against societal law, while some cultural traditions involve procedures Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas humanitarian efforts. Retrieved 28 March In: Corrigan, Euthanasia Ethical Dilemmas.

Euthanasia: A Mercy Killing ....... An Ethical Dilemma

In focus groups, and in qualitative research more generally, the core issue is not whether data are gathered anonymously from participants, but whether they are stored and presented anonymously. Rather confusingly, Tolich defines internal confidentiality in a different way in an earlier paper Tolich : p. A common means of preserving anonymity is to use pseudonyms or other anonymized identifiers. If participants in a focus group are hitherto unknown to one another, pseudonyms can be used within the group discussion Wong, ; this anonymizes both the dialogue and the resulting transcript.

Using pseudonyms in a focus group where participants are already acquainted effectively only serves to anonymize the transcript and may lead to a rather unnatural flow of dialogue. If data have not yet been anonymized, at the point of analysis pseudonyms or other anonymous identifiers can be substituted for real names, and these can be carried forward into the written research report. Guest et al. Perry points out that, in some communities, the changing of names may have negative cultural associations. Writing about social research in Sudan, she notes that forced name-changing was historically a means of repressing minorities.

The focus in this section has been on the protection of confidentiality. In some circumstances, however, there may be a moral or legal obligation on researchers to breach confidentiality by disclosing certain information—e. Such possibilities should, wherever possible, be included in the information given during the consent process. Thus, on this definition to harm somebody is to wrong him or her, but to cause that person distress does not necessarily do so. An additional question that we do not address here, for reasons of space, is causal responsibility for harm. Hammersley and Traianou provide a detailed discussion of this issue.

We used this argument earlier as part of our justification of resisting any requests for data to be withdrawn prior to analysis. Crucially, this is not to denigrate or underestimate the value of theoretical understanding, but merely to suggest that such benefit may have limited force in specific relation to the justification of risk of harm. See Hammersley and Traianou and Hammersley and Atkinson for a defence of the non-instrumental value of qualitative research. The first line of moral reasoning outlined here is essentially a consequentialist one and the second essentially a deontological one Scheffler ; Kamm Seymour et al.

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Death Stud. Corden, A. Corrigan, O. Health Illn. Crow, G. Dawson, A. In: Corrigan, O. Diener, E. Chicago University Press, Chicago Dodd, S. In: Mertens, D. The Handbook of Social Research Ethics, pp. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks Downie, R. Dyregrov, K. Edwards, R. In: Tolich, M. Qualitative Research Ethics in Practice, pp. Routledge, London Ellis, C. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington Faden, R. Oxford University Press, New York Farquhar, C. In: Barbour, R. Feinberg, J. Finch, H. In: Ritchie, J. Frith, H. Sexualities 3 3 , — Green, J. Guest, G. Halkier, B. Hammersley, M. Routledge, Abingdon Hennink, M. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Hofmeyer, A.

Methods 6 2 , 69—79 Hollway, W. Hutchinson, S. Image J. Hyde, A. Iphofen, R. Macmillan, Houndmills Kaiser, K. Health Res. Kamm, F. In: LaFollette, H. The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory, 2nd edn, pp. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester Kavanaugh, K. Health 21 1 , 91—97 Kervin, L. Kevern, J. Nurse Educ. Today 21 4 , — Kitzinger, J. Kleiber, P. In: deMarrais, K. Routledge, New York Krueger, R. Lezaun, J. Lincoln, Y. Sage Publications, Newbury Park Longhurst, R. In: Clifford, N. Key Methods in Geography, pp. Lowton, K. In: Iphofen, R. Macintyre, A. In: Beauchamp, T.

Ethical Issues in Social Science Research, pp. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore Madriz, E. Merton, R. Free Press, Glencoe Morgan, D. In: Stewart, M. Tools for Primary Care Research, pp. In: Morgan, D. Owen, S. Perry, K. Ransome, P. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills Richards, H. Rosenblatt, P. Ryen, A. In: Silverman, D. There is much debate on the topic of euthanasia in Judaic theology, ethics, and general opinion especially in Israel and the United States. Passive euthanasia was declared legal by Israel's highest court under certain conditions and has reached some level of acceptance.

Active euthanasia remains illegal, however the topic is actively under debate with no clear consensus through legal, ethical, theological and spiritual perspectives. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about euthanasia of humans. For mercy killings performed on other animals, see Animal euthanasia. For the Megadeth album, see Youthanasia.

Practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. Animal Child Voluntary Non-voluntary Involuntary. Assisted suicide Palliative care Principle of double effect Palliative sedation. Suicide tourism Groningen Protocol Euthanasia device Filial responsibility. See also: Right to die. Main article: Euthanasia in the United States. Main article: Action T4. The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new section, as appropriate. November Learn how and when to remove this template message.

Main article: Legality of euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is legal rejection of the treatment. Euthanasia is illegal. Euthanasia status unknown. Main article: Religious views on euthanasia. Archived from the original on 5 August Retrieved 6 July Philosopher Helga Kuhse : "'Euthanasia' is a compound of two Greek words — eu and thanatos meaning, literally, 'a good death'. Today, 'euthanasia' is generally understood to mean the bringing about of a good death — 'mercy killing,' where one person, A, ends the life of another person, B, for the sake of B.

Voluntary Euthanasia Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 7 May When a person performs an act of euthanasia, she brings about the death of another person because she believes the latter's present existence is so bad that he would be better off dead, or believes that unless she intervenes and ends his life, his life will very soon become so bad that he would be better off dead.

October J R Army Med Corps. PMID Last reviewed June Accessed 25 July Unlocking Medical Law and Ethics 2nd ed. ISBN Retrieved 2 February A quantitative analysis". J Med Ethics. PMC The Morality of Killing. New York: Humanities Press. A similar definition is offered by Blackburn with "the action of causing the quick and painless death of a person, or not acting to prevent it when prevention was within the agent's powers.

Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. In Chadwick, Ruth ed. Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Academic Press. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. April Archived from the original on 21 August Retrieved 26 April In Kohl, Marvin ed. Beneficient Euthanasia. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. JSTOR Caring to Death: a discursive analysis of nurses who murder patients PhD thesis. University of Adelaide. Retrieved 18 September Palliative Medicine. CiteSeerX S2CID Ethics in practice: an anthology. Oxford: Blackwell. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. Social History of Medicine. Cancer Investigation. I, Sub-vol.

Last updated on: 23 July Retrieved 4 May Baylor Law Review. International Journal of Japanese Sociology. Annals of Internal Medicine. Merciful Release. Manchester University Press. OL M. British Medical Bulletin. A merciful end: the euthanasia movement in modern America. A Duty to Die? Rethinking the Euthanasia Controversy of ". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. British Medical Journal. Cumberland-Samford Law Review. Quotation: "The first state-sanctioned euthanasia is carried out, after Hitler receives a petition from a child's parents, asking for the life of their severely disabled infant to be ended. This happens after the case has been considered by Hitler's office and by the Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious and Congenitally Based Illnesses, whose 'experts' have laid down the basis for the removal of disabled children to special 'paediatric clinics'.

Here they can be either starved to death or given lethal injections. At least 5, infants will eventually be killed through this programme". Archived from the original on 8 September Retrieved 4 July Quotation: "The 'euthanasia campaign' gathers momentum in Germany, as six special killing centres and gas vans, under an organisation code-named T4, are used in the murder of 'handicapped' adults. Over 70, Germans will eventually be killed in this act of mass murder — it is the first time poison bas will be used for such a purpose". Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets CSS if you are able to do so. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Find out more about page archiving.

Ethics guide. Active and passive euthanasia. On this page Active and passive euthanasia Acts and omissions Preferring active to passive euthanasia Page options Print this page. Active and passive euthanasia Active euthanasia Active euthanasia occurs when the medical professionals, or another person, deliberately do something that causes the patient to die. Passive euthanasia Passive euthanasia occurs when the patient dies because the medical professionals either don't do something necessary to keep the patient alive, or when they stop doing something that is keeping the patient alive. Thou shalt not kill but needst not strive, officiously, to keep alive.

Arthur Hugh Clough Acts and omissions This is one of the classic ideas in ethics. Simon Blackburn explains it like this in the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy: The doctrine that it makes an ethical difference whether an agent actively intervenes to bring about a result, or omits to act in circumstances in which it is foreseen that as a result of the omission the same result occurs. Simon Blackburn, Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Preferring active to passive euthanasia This section is written from the presumption that there are occasions when euthanasia is morally OK.

Here's a case to consider: A is dying of incurable cancer. A will die in about 7 days. A is in great pain, despite high doses of painkilling drugs. A asks his doctor to end it all. If the doctor agrees, she has two choices about what to do: The doctor stops giving A the drugs that are keeping him alive, but continues pain killers - A dies 3 days later, after having been in pain despite the doctor's best efforts. The doctor gives A a lethal injection - A becomes unconscious within seconds and dies within an hour. We can look at this situation is another way: Causing death is a great evil if death is a great evil. A lesser evil should always be preferred to a greater evil. If passive euthanasia would be right in this case then the continued existence of the patient in a state of great pain must be a greater evil than their death.

So allowing the patient to continue to live in this state is a greater evil than causing their death. Causing their death swiftly is a lesser evil than allowing them to live in pain. Active euthanasia is a lesser evil than passive euthanasia. Do as you would be done by The rule that we should treat other people as we would like them to treat us also seems to support euthanasia, if we would want to be put out of our misery if we were in A's position. But this isn't necessarily so: A person might well not want to be killed even in this situation, if their beliefs or opinions were not against active euthanasia.

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